Zinc
Alfalfa    Apples    Beans    Brassicas    Canola    Carrots    Corn    Cucumbers         
Field Beans    Flax    Fruit Trees    Onions    Potatoes    Rice     Small Grains   
Soybeans    Strawberries

Boron
Alfalfa    Apples    Beans    Brassicas    Canola    Carrots    Corn    Cotton    
Cucumbers    Field Bean    Field Pea    Fruit Trees    Onions     Peppers   
Potatoes    Small Grains    Strawberries    Sugar Beets

Calcium
Apples    Brassicas    Canola    Carrots    Celery    Corn    Cotton      Cucumbers 
Field Beans    Fruit Trees    Onions    Peppers    Potatoes    Rice
Small Grains    Strawberries

Copper
Apples    Corn    Field Beans    Potatoes    Small Grains

Iron
Apples    Canola    Corn    Cotton    Field Beans    Field Peas    Potatoes
Small Grains    Soybeans

Manganese
Beans    Brassicas    Canola    Carrots    Corn    Cotton    Cucumbers        
Field Beans    Field Peas    Onions    Potatoes    Small Grains     Soybeans
Strawberries    Sugar Beets

                                                                                                                                                               

Zinc on Alfalfa
Factors Affecting Availability:
High pH soils
High levels of phosphate and iron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Plants become stunted and may show dieback
Roles & Benefits:
Essential for sugar regulation and enzymes that control plant growth

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Zinc on Apples
Factors Affecting Availability:
High pH soils
High levels of phosphate and iron
Poorly absorbed and difficult to get into the tree
Symptoms of Deficiency:
“Little leaf” symptoms, resulting in reduced shoot growth, delayed leafing in spring and rosettes of small narrow leaves with a characteristic leaf mottling
Roles & Benefits:
Essential for sugar regulation and enzymes that control plant growth
Increases winter hardiness, bud strength, return bloom, fruit size and density

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Zinc on Beans (Vegetable Crop)
Factors Affecting Availability:
High pH soils
High levels of phosphate and iron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Plants become stunted
Chlorosis of young leaves
Roles & Benefits:
Essential for sugar regulation and enzymes that control plant growth

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Zinc on Brassicas (Vegetable Crop)
Factors Affecting Availability:
High pH soils
High levels of phosphate and iron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Plants become stunted
Chlorosis of young leaves
Roles & Benefits:
Essential for sugar regulation and enzymes that control plant growth

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Zinc on Canola/Rapeseed
Factors Affecting Availability:
High pH soils
High levels of phosphate and iron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Shortening of the internodes (rosetting) and a decrease in leaf size
Roles & Benefits:
Increases oil content and is important at flowering for seed set
Essential for sugar regulation and enzymes that control plant growth

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Zinc on Carrots
Factors Affecting Availability:
High pH soils
High levels of phosphate and iron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Chlorosis of young leaves
Roles & Benefits:
Essential for sugar regulation and enzymes that control plant growth

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Zinc on Corn
Factors Affecting Availability:
High pH soils
High levels of phosphate and iron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Light green to white streaks on either side of the midrib that may develop into a broad bank of bleached tissue most evident on lower leaves
Leaf midribs and margins remain green
Sometimes stalk and leaf edges appear to be tinted red or brown.
Roles & Benefits:
Essential for sugar regulation and enzymes that control plant growth

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Zinc on Cucumbers (Gherkin)
Factors Affecting Availability:
High pH soils
High levels of phosphate and iron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Chlorosis of young leaves
Roles & Benefits:
Essential for sugar regulation and enzymes that control plant growth

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Zinc on Field Beans
Factors Affecting Availability:
High pH soils
High levels of phosphate and iron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Plants become stunted
Chlorosis of young leaves
Roles & Benefits:
Essential for sugar regulation and enzymes that control plant growth

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Zinc on Flax
Factors Affecting Availability:
High pH soils
High levels of phosphate and iron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Plants have a rosetted appearance
Grayish-brown spots appear on young leaves
Upon drying, spots may change color to brown or white
Roles & Benefits:
Essential for sugar regulation and enzymes that control plant growth
Helps intensify flowering and evens crop maturity

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Zinc on Fruit Trees
Factors Affecting Availability:
High pH soils
High levels of phosphate and iron
Poorly absorbed and difficult to get into the tree
Symptoms of Deficiency:
“Little leaf” symptoms, resulting in reduced shoot growth, delayed leafing in spring and rosettes of small narrow leaves with a characteristic leaf mottling
Roles & Benefits:
Essential for sugar regulation and enzymes that control plant growth
Increases winter hardiness, bud strength, return bloom, fruit size and density

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Zinc on Onions
Factors Affecting Availability:
High pH soils
High levels of phosphate and iron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Plants become stunted
Spiral, twisting leaves
Roles & Benefits:
Essential for sugar regulation and enzymes that control plant growth
Essential at bulb formation

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Zinc on Potatoes
Factors Affecting Availability:
High pH soils
High levels of phosphate and iron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Young leaves are chlorotic (light green or yellow), narrow, upwardly-cupped and
develop tip-burn
Other leaf symptoms are green veins, spotting with dead tissue, blotching, and erect
appearance
Roles & Benefits:
Essential for sugar regulation and enzymes that control plant growth

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Zinc on Rice
Factors Affecting Availability:
Occurs in neutral and calcareous soils, intensively cropped soils, paddy soils
and very poorly drained soils, sodic and saline soils, peat soils, soils with high
available P and Si status, sandy soils, highly weathered, acid, and coarse-textured soils, soils derived from serpentine and laterite, and leached, old acid sulfate soils
with a small concentration of K, Mg, and Ca Associated with sulfur deficiency
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Dusty brown spots on upper leaves of stunted plants
Uneven plant growth
Decreased tillering and increased spikelet sterility in rice
Chlorotic midribs particularly near the leaf base of younger leaves
Leaves lose turgor and turn brown as brown blotches and streaks appear on lower
leaves, enlarge, and coalesce
White line sometimes appears along the leaf midrib
Leaf blade size is reduced
Growth is severely affected
Roles & Benefits:
Essential for sugar regulation and enzymes that control plant growth and membrane
integrity

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Zinc on Soybeans
Factors Affecting Availability:
High pH soils
High levels of phosphate and iron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Plants become stunted
Leaves are yellow or light green, and lower leaves may turn brown and drop
Flowers are scarce and pods that do set are abnormal and slow-maturing.
Roles & Benefits:
Essential for sugar regulation and enzymes that control plant growth

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Zinc on Strawberries
Factors Affecting Availability:
High pH soils
High levels of phosphate and iron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Stunted plants with formation of small leaves
Chlorosis of young leaves
Roles & Benefits:
Essential for sugar regulation and enzymes that control plant growth
Increases winter hardiness, bud strength, return bloom, fruit size and density

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Boron on Alfalfa
Factors Affecting Availability:
Leaching
Sandy soils, soils low in organic matter and high pH soils tend to be low in boron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Top leaves turn yellow or white
Plants become stunted and have a rosetted appearance
Roles & Benefits:
Promotes intensity of flowering
Important role in the movement of water and plant nutrients from the root to the plants' growing portion

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Boron on Apples
Factors Affecting Availability:
High pH
High levels of nitrogen
Trees are moisture stressed
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Misshapen fruit (splitting and corking)
Retards general tree growth and may cause pimpling of the bark
Roles & Benefits:
Important for flowering and fruit set, both this season and next year’s buds
Required for calcium uptake, and plays a similar role to calcium making it key for quality factors such as skin strength, fruit firmness and storage life

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Boron on Beans
Factors Affecting Availability:
Leaching
Sandy soils, soils low in organic matter and high pH soils tend to be low in boron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Reduced flowers, cracked stems, uneven maturity
The youngest leaves may be misshapen, thick, brittle and small
Roles & Benefits:
Boron promotes crop maturity, flower set and yield
Important role in the movement of water and plant nutrients from the root to the plants’ growing portion

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Boron on Brassicas (Vegetable Crops)
Factors Affecting Availability:
Leaching
Sandy soils, soils low in organic matter and high pH soils tend to be low in boron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
The youngest leaves may be misshapen, thick, brittle and small
Roles & Benefits:
Boron promotes crop maturity and yield
Important role in the movement of water and plant nutrients from the root to the plants’ growing portion

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Boron on Canola/Rapeseed
Factors Affecting Availability:
Leaching
Sandy soils, soils low in organic matter and high pH soils tend to be low in boron
High yielding canola varieties demand a broader spectrum of nutrients to maximize production
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Reduced flowers and pod set, cracked stems, uneven maturity
The youngest leaves may be misshapen, thick, brittle and small
Roles & Benefits:
Boron promotes crop maturity, flower set and yield
Longer, more intense flowering increases pod set
Important role in the movement of water and plant nutrients from the root to the plants’ growing portion

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Boron on Carrots
Factors Affecting Availability:
Leaching
Sandy soils, soils low in organic matter and high pH soils tend to be low in boron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Growth of young leaves restricted giving a rosette effect
Older leaves have orange tints
Growing point may die
Roles & Benefits:
Boron promotes crop maturity and yield
Important role in the movement of water and plant nutrients from the root to the plants’ growing portion

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Boron on Corn
Factors Affecting Availability:
Leaching
Sandy soils, soils low in organic matter and high pH soils tend to be low in boron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Barren stalks
Small, twisted ears
Roles & Benefits:
Boron promotes crop maturity and yield
Important role in the movement of water and plant nutrients from the root to the
plants' growing portion

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Boron on Cotton
Factors Affecting Availability:
Leaching
Sandy soils, soils low in organic matter and high pH soils tend to be low in boron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Dark bands on the peioles
Flowers may also be distorted in shape
Roles & Benefits:
Promotes photosynthesis
Required for normal flower development
Important role in the movement of water and plant nutrients from the root to the plants' growing portion

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Boron on Cucumbers (Gherkin)
Factors Affecting Availability:
Leaching
Sandy soils, soils low in organic matter and high pH soils tend to be low in boron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Abnormal shoots
Apical growing points are stunted and eventually die
Cracks may appear in the stem and the fruit is often deformed
Roles & Benefits:
Boron promotes crop maturity and yield
Important role in the movement of water and plant nutrients from the root to the plants’ growing portion

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Boron on Field Beans
Factors Affecting Availability:
Leaching
Sandy soils, soils low in organic matter and high pH soils tend to be low in boron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Poor fertilization and seed set
Roles & Benefits:
Promotes intensity of flowering and influences pod set
Important role in the movement of water and plant nutrients from the root to the plants’ growing portion

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Boron on Field Pea
Factors Affecting Availability:
Leaching
Sandy soils, soils low in organic matter and high pH soils tend to be low in boron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Poor fertilization and seed set
Roles & Benefits:
Promotes intensity of flowering and influences pod set
Important role in the movement of water and plant nutrients from the root to the plants’ growing portion

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Boron on Fruit Trees
Factors Affecting Availability:
High pH
High levels of nitrogen
Trees are moisture stressed
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Misshapen fruit
Retards general tree growth and may cause pimpling of the bark
Roles & Benefits:
Important for flowering and fruit set, both this season and next year’s buds
Required for calcium uptake, and plays a similar role to calcium making it key for quality factors such as skin strength, fruit firmness and storage life

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Boron on Onions
Factors Affecting Availability:
Leaching
Sandy soils, soils low in organic matter and high pH soils tend to be low in boron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Dying growing tips
Stunted growth
Roles & Benefits:
Boron promotes crop maturity and yield
Increases skin quality and storagability
Important role in the movement of water and plant nutrients from the root to the plants’ growing portion

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Boron on Peppers
Factors Affecting Availability:
Leaching
Sandy soils, soils low in organic matter and high pH soils tend to be low in boron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Reduced flowers, cracked stems, uneven maturity
Can cause blossom-end rot
Roles & Benefits:
Boron promotes crop maturity, flower set and yield
Important role in the movement of water and plant nutrients from the root to the plants’ growing portion

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Boron on Potatoes
Factors Affecting Availability:
Leaching
Sandy soils, soils low in organic matter and high pH soils tend to be low in boron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Growing buds die
Leaves thicken and roll upward
Leaf tissue darkens and collapses
Plants appear bushy having shorter internodes
Roles & Benefits:
Regulates transports of sugars through membranes
Important role in cell division, cell development and auxin metabolism

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Boron on Small Grains
Factors Affecting Availability:
Leaching
Sandy soils, soils low in organic matter and high pH soils tend to be low in boron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Symptoms first appear at the growing point
Brittle, discolored leaves
Plants may appear stunted
May exhibit sterility without any other symptoms
Roles & Benefits:
Boron promotes crop maturity and yield
Important in cell wall formation
Important role in the movement of water and plant nutrients from the root to the
plants' growing portion

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Boron on Strawberries
Factors Affecting Availability:
Leaching
Sandy soils, soils low in organic matter and high pH soils tend to be low in boron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Affects the youngest leaves, causing cracking and ‘tip-burn’
Badly formed fruit (small, mishapen)
Reduction in secondary root growth
Roles & Benefits:
Promotes intensity of flowering and pollen production
Required for calcium uptake, and plays a similar role to calcium making it key for quality factors such as fruit firmness and storage life
Important role in the movement of water and plant nutrients from the root to the plants’ growing portion

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Boron on Sugar Beets
Factors Affecting Availability:
Leaching
Sandy soils, soils low in organic matter and high pH soils tend to be low in boron
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Death of growing points
Poor fertilization and root yield
Roles & Benefits:
Promotes intensity of flowering
Reduces heart rot

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Calcium on Apples
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and magnesium
Water shortages (which can slow the transportation of calcium to the plant)
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Bitter pit (Fruit skins develop pits. Brown patches appear in flesh and taste becomes bitter. Can occur when fruit is in storage. Bramley apples are particularly susceptible.)
Curling of young leaves or shoots
Roles & Benefits:
Component of cell wall structure
Catalyst for nitrogen uptake
Increases fruit quality and storagability

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Calcium on Brassicas (Vegetable Crop)
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and magnesium
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Leaves become chlorotic and/or necrotic
Young leaves are small and distorted with tips hooked back
Roles & Benefits:
Component of cell wall structure
Catalyst for nitrogen uptake

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Calcium on Canola/Rapeseed
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and magnesium
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Growing points and young tissue affected first
Young leaves typically hooked at first, and finally turn brown and die back
Roles & Benefits:
Component of cell wall structure
Required for reproduction and flowering, therefore low levels can result in low pollen
and flower viability
Catalyst for nitrogen uptake

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Calcium on Carrots
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and magnesium
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Petioles collapse and leaves wither
Roles & Benefits:
Component of cell wall structure
Catalyst for nitrogen uptake

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Calcium on Celery
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and magnesium
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Death of tips of leaflets of younger leaves
Could result in death of growing point
Roles & Benefits:
Component of cell wall structure
Catalyst for nitrogen uptake

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Calcium on Corn
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and magnesium
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Young leaves are the first to be effected, and are often distorted and small, with
irregular leaf margins and may show spotted or necrotic areas
New leaves may fail to emerge from the whorl all together due to a sticky, gelatinous
material on the edges of the leaves
Roles & Benefits:
Component of cell wall structure
Catalyst for nitrogen uptake

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Calcium on Cotton
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and magnesium
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Symptoms are hard to spot, but they cause the plants stem to weaken and topple over, similar to an attack of seedling disease
Roles & Benefits:
Component of cell wall structure
Catalyst for nitrogen uptake

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Calcium on Cucumbers
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and magnesium
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Young upper leaves are pale, weak, and flabby
Flower end of the fruit is poorly developed
Growth is generally retarded
Roles & Benefits:
Component of cell wall structure
Catalyst for nitrogen uptake

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Calcium on Field Beans
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and magnesium
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Leaves become chlorotic and/or necrotic
Young leaves are small and distorted with tips hooked back
Roles & Benefits:
Component of cell wall structure
Catalyst for nitrogen uptake

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Calcium on Fruit Trees
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and magnesium
Water shortages (which can slow the transportation of calcium to the plant)
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Bitter pit (Fruit skins develop pits. Brown patches appear in flesh and taste becomes bitter. Can occur when fruit is in storage. Apples are particularly susceptible.)
Curling of young leaves or shoots
Roles & Benefits:
Component of cell wall structure
Catalyst for nitrogen uptake
Increases fruit quality and storagability

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Calcium on Onions
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and magnesium
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Growth dwarfed
Leaves chlorosis developing from tips followed by die-back
Roles & Benefits:
Component of cell wall structure
Catalyst for nitrogen uptake

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Calcium on Peppers
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and magnesium
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Leaves become chlorotic and/or necrotic
Can cause blossom-end rot
Roles & Benefits:
Component of cell wall structure
Catalyst for nitrogen uptake

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Calcium on Potatoes
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and magnesium
Common in acid, strongly leached, low-CEC soils in uplands and lowlands, soils
derived from serpentine rocks, coarse-textured sandy soils with high percolation
rates and leaching, and leached, old acid sulfate soils with low base content
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Growth is fairly good with bushy appearance and thin shoots
Young leaflets small, slightly chlorotic, with a forward roll and marginal scorch
Failure to form tubers of appreciable size
Roles & Benefits:
Component of cell wall structure
Catalyst for nitrogen uptake

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Calcium on Rice
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and magnesium
Common in acid, strongly leached, low-CEC soils in uplands and lowlands, soils
derived from serpentine rocks, coarse-textured sandy soils with high percolation
rates and leaching, and leached, old acid sulfate soils with low base content
Symptoms of Deficiency:
White or bleached, rolled, and curled tips of youngest leaves
Necrosis along the lateral margins of leaves
Old leaves turn brown and die
Stunting and death of growing points
Roles & Benefits:
Component of cell wall structure
Important throughout the growth cycle of the rice crop
Catalyst for nitrogen uptake

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Calcium on Small Grains
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and magnesium
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Young leaves are the first to be affected, and are often distorted and small, with
irregular leaf margins and may show spotted or necrotic areas
New leaves may fail to emerge all together
Roles & Benefits:
Component of cell wall structure
Catalyst for nitrogen uptake

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Calcium on Strawberries
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and magnesium
Water shortages (which can slow the transportation of calcium to the plant)
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Tip-burn
Small fruit (fruit fails to enlarge so the space between seeds is greatly reduced)
Leaves are crinkled and have light green or yellow margins
Roles & Benefits:
Component of cell wall structure
Catalyst for nitrogen uptake
Increases fruit quality and storagability

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Copper on Apples
Factors Affecting Availability:
Quite common in most apple producing areas
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Wither tip symptoms, leading to the death of young shoots
Roles & Benefits:
Important in reproductive growth stage (fruit formation)
Indirect role in chlorophyll production

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Copper on Corn
Factors Affecting Availability:
Acid peats or mucks with pH 5.3
Black sands
High pH soils
High organic matter content
High manure application
High iron content soils
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Older leaves remain dark and relatively healthy while the deficiency symptoms
develop on younger leaves. The symptoms include yellowing of younger leaves, and
the tips may die.
Roles & Benefits:
Important in reproductive growth stage (seed set)
Indirect role in chlorophyll production

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Copper on Field Beans
Factors Affecting Availability:
Acid peats or mucks with pH 5.3
Black sands
High pH soils
High organic matter content
High manure application
High iron content soils
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Older leaves remain dark and relatively healthy while the deficiency symptoms
develop on younger leaves. The symptoms include yellowing of younger leaves, and
the tips may die.
Roles & Benefits:
Important in reproductive growth stage (seed set)
Indirect role in chlorophyll production

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Copper on Potatoes
Factors Affecting Availability:
Acid peats or mucks with pH 5.3
Black sands
High pH soils
High organic matter content
High manure application
High iron content soils
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Young leaves exhibit a pronounced rolling, and then leaf tips wilt and die.
Older leaves remain green and are of normal size.
Roles & Benefits:
Important in reproductive growth stage and cell wall formation
Indirect role in chlorophyll production

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Copper on Small Grains
Factors Affecting Availability:
Acid peats or mucks with pH 5.3
Black sands
High pH soils
High organic matter content
High manure application
High iron content soils
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Older leaves remain dark and relatively healthy while the deficiency symptoms develop on younger leaves.  The symptoms include yellowing of younger leaves, limpness, wilting, pigtailing of the upper leaves and kinking of the leaf tips.
Affected roots are stunted and crowns are excessively branched and rosetted, and stems are thin and spindly
Heads are bleached and may be incompletely emerged or appear normal but fail to set seed
Ergot may be common, and crop lodging can be severe
Symptoms tend to occur in irregular patches
Roles & Benefits:
Important in reproductive growth stage (seed set)
Indirect role in chlorophyll production

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Iron on Apples
Factors Affecting Availability:
High pH
High levels of phosphorous
Water logged soil
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Youngest leaves will be distinctly yellow
Margins develop brown patches
Roles & Benefits:
Critical for chlorophyll formation and photosynthesis

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Iron on Canola/Rapeseed
Factors Affecting Availability:
High pH
High levels of phosphorous
Water logged soil
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Youngest leaves will be distinctly yellow due to low chlorophyll formation
Interveinal areas of the young leaves will be bright yellow, while the veins usually
remain green
Roles & Benefits:
Critical for chlorophyll formation and photosynthesis

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Iron on Corn
Factors Affecting Availability:
High pH
High levels of phosphorous
Water logged soil
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Interveinal chlorosis in the uppermost leaves with the entire length of the leaves
affected
As deficiency intensifies, the uppermost leaves may become almost white between
the veins and interveinal chlorosis may spread to older leaves
Roles & Benefits:
Critical for chlorophyll formation and photosynthesis

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Iron on Cotton
Factors Affecting Availability:
High pH
High levels of phosphorous
Water logged soil
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Yellowing of leaves
Curling and burning on the margin of leaves
Stunted growth
Roles & Benefits:
Critical for chlorophyll formation and photosynthesis

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Iron on Field Beans
Factors Affecting Availability:
High pH
High levels of phosphorous
Water logged soil
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Youngest leaves will be distinctly yellow
Interveinal areas of the leaves will be bright yellow, while the veins usually remain green
Roles & Benefits:
Critical for chlorophyll formation and photosynthesis

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Iron on Field Peas
Factors Affecting Availability:
High pH
High levels of phosphorous
Water logged soil
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Chlorosis, with the green color disappearing between the veins first
Roles & Benefits:
Prevent iron chlorosis

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Iron on Potatoes
Factors Affecting Availability:
High pH
High levels of phosphorous
Water logged soil
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Interveinal chlorosis in the uppermost leaves with the entire leaf being affected
Margins and tips may have brown patches
Roles & Benefits:
Critical for chlorophyll formation and photosynthesis

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Iron on Small Grains
Factors Affecting Availability:
High pH
High levels of phosphorous
Water logged soil
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Youngest leaves will be distinctly yellow due to low chlorophyll formation
Interveinal areas of the young leaves will be bright yellow, while the veins usually remain green
Roles & Benefits:
Critical for chlorophyll formation and photosynthesis

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Iron on Soybeans
Factors Affecting Availability:
High pH
High levels of phosphorous
Water logged soil
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Yellowing of interveinal areas of young leaves
Brown and necrotis spots may occur in leaf margins
Roles & Benefits:
Critical for chlorophyll formation and photosynthesis

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Manganese on Beans (Vegetable Crop)
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of phosphate and iron
High pH soils
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Leaves may show slight chlorosis
Roles & Benefits:
Related to nitrogen metabolism

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Manganese on Brassicas (Vegetable Crop)
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of phosphate and iron
High pH soils
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Leaves may show slight chlorosis
Roles & Benefits:
Related to nitrogen metabolism

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Manganese on Canola/Rapeseed
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of phosphate and iron
High pH soils
Symptoms of Deficiency:
The whole of the plant gradually becomes paler
Faint yellowing appears between the veins
Most prominent on the older leaves and develops gradually until the interveinal areas
are very yellow while the veins remain green
Roles & Benefits:
Related to nitrogen metabolism and chlorophyll production
Promotes germination and accelerates plant maturity

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Manganese on Carrots
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of phosphate and iron
High pH soils
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Leaves may show slight chlorosis
Roles & Benefits:
Related to nitrogen metabolism

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Manganese on Corn
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of phosphate and iron
High pH soils
Peats and mucks with pH > 5.8
Black sands and lakebed/depressional soils with pH > 6.2
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Shows up in young leaves first as an interveinal chlorosis
Severe cases exhibit elongated white streaks, the center of which may turn brown and fall out
Roles & Benefits:
Plays a key role in the enzyme systems involved with carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism

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Manganese on Cotton
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of phosphate and iron
High pH soils
Peats and mucks with pH > 5.8
Black sands and lakebed/depressional soils with pH > 6.2
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Little to no symptoms will be seen unless the deficiency is severe
May see yellowish-gray or reddish-gray discoloration of the youngest leaves while the veins remain green
Roles & Benefits:
Plays a key role in the enzyme systems involved with carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism

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Manganese on Cucumbers (Gherkin)
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of phosphate and iron
High pH soils
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Yellow-white areas between the green leaf veins, the small leaves, and the weak slender stems
Often the blossom bud is yellow
Roles & Benefits:
Related to nitrogen metabolism

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Manganese on Field Beans
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of phosphate and iron
High pH soils
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Leaves may show slight chlorosis
Flat surfaces of the seed may have a brown cavity in the center
Roles & Benefits:
Related to nitrogen metabolism

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Manganese on Field Peas
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of phosphate and iron
High pH soils
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Leaves may show slight chlorosis
Flat surfaces of the seed may have a brown cavity in the center
Roles & Benefits:
Related to nitrogen metabolism

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Manganese on Onions
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of phosphate and iron
High pH soils
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Yellowing of leaves
Brown spots may appear on leaf surface
Roles & Benefits:
Related to nitrogen metabolism

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Manganese on Potatoes
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of phosphate and iron
High pH soils
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Leaves from near tips of shoots still green, but showing brown spotting, mainly along
veins with strong forward curling along margins
Stunted growth and dieing of haulm at tips
Roles & Benefits:
Related to nitrogen metabolism and chlorophyll production
Promotes germination and accelerates plant maturity

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Manganese on Small Grains
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of phosphate and iron
High pH soils
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Younger leaves affected first
Weak, floppy, pale green/yellow leaves
In oats deficiency is seed as grey/brown necrotic lesions with an orange margin
Can appear water stressed
Roles & Benefits:
Related to nitrogen metabolism and chlorophyll production
Associated with disease resistance ie. take-all in wheat
Promotes germination and accelerates plant maturity

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Manganese on Soybeans
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of phosphate and iron
High pH soils
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Stunted plants and yellow to whitish leaves with green veins
Symptoms will first appear on newer growth.
Roles & Benefits:
Plays a key role in the enzyme systems involved with carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism

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Manganeses on Strawberries
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of phosphate and iron
High pH soils
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Similar to those of iron deficiencies, but in time the pale green converts into fine netting of the veins
Roles & Benefits:
Important to enzyme systems involved with carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism

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Manganese on Sugar Beets
Factors Affecting Availability:
High levels of phosphate and iron
High pH soils
Symptoms of Deficiency:
Upright growth habit
Triangular leaves
Roles & Benefits:
Plays a key role in the enzyme systems involved with carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism which helps boost root yields and increase sugar levels

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